Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T)

The first complete, gapless sequence of a human genome.

Researchers have completed a quest that started 32 years ago, having uncovered the final DNA sequences that make up a human genome. Learn more about this extraordinary achievement.

News

News Release: Researchers generate the first complete, gapless sequence of a human genome
March 31, 2022

Genetics | Opinion - Scientific American: Completing the Human Genome Sequence (Again)
March 31, 2022

From NHGRI Director: Opening remarks for T2T media briefing
March 31, 2022

Media Advisory: Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium researchers to discuss completion of a human genome sequence
March 27, 2022

Profile: A computer scientist’s quest to complete a critical genomics puzzle
March 17, 2022

Papers

Nurk et al. The complete sequence of a human genome. Science 376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abj6987 (2022)

Gershman et al. Epigenetic patterns in a complete human genome. Science 376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abj5089 (2022)

Vollger et al. Segmental duplications and their variation in a complete human genome. Science 376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abj6965 (2022)

Hoyt et al. From telomere to telomere: The transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements. Science 376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abk3112 (2022)

Aganezov et al. A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation. Science 376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abl3533 (2022)

Altemose et al. Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres. Science 376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abl4178 (2022)

Multimedia

Video: How to Sequence a Human Genome in 7 'Easy' Steps!

Credit: Ernesto Del Aguila III, NHGRI

Video: Fully sequencing the human genome

Credit: Harry Wedel, NHGRI

Animation

Download the Animation

Credit: Ernesto Del Aguila III, NHGRI.

B-Roll

For b-roll and other multimedia, please email NHGRIpressoffice@nih.gov.

Infographic: Completing the human genome sequence

The Human Genome Project ended in 2003, but genomic researchers had not yet determined every last base (or letter) of the human genome sequence. Instead, they had only completed about 92% of the sequence at that time. Why did they stop there?

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